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日本零售市场上近40%的烤鳗鱼产品被认定为美国鳗鱼
【字体: 大 中 小 】 时间:2025年06月24日 来源:AAAS
编辑推荐:
中央大学研究员白石宏美领导的一项研究表明,除了日本鳗鱼(Anguilla japonica)之外,美洲鳗鱼(Anguilla rostrata)如今也广泛存在于日本各地零售商店出售的鳗鱼加工产品中。虽然日本的鳗鱼养殖主要依赖日本鳗鱼,但该国三分之二的鳗鱼消费依赖于活体成年鳗鱼和鳗鱼制品的进口,其中包括几种鳗科鱼类。作为世界上最大的鳗鱼进口国和消费国,日本有能力为日本鳗鱼以外的鳗科鱼类的可持续利用做出贡献。
中央大学研究员白石宏美领导的一项研究表明,除了日本鳗鱼(Anguilla japonica)之外,美洲鳗鱼(Anguilla rostrata)如今也广泛存在于日本各地零售商店出售的鳗鱼加工产品中。虽然日本的鳗鱼养殖主要依赖日本鳗鱼,但该国三分之二的鳗鱼消费依赖于活体成年鳗鱼和鳗鱼制品的进口,其中包括几种鳗科鱼类。作为世界上最大的鳗鱼进口国和消费国,日本有能力为日本鳗鱼以外的鳗科鱼类的可持续利用做出贡献。
研究的主要发现
1. 研究背景
目前,鳗鲡鲡属(Anguilla )共有19个淡水鳗种/亚种。这些物种面临着一系列威胁,包括洋流和/或气候条件的变化、洄洄游障碍、淡水栖息地的丧失或退化、疾病、污染以及不可持续的开发和贸易。鳗鱼种群数量呈下降趋势,尤其是在北半球温带地区。这些物种包括目前被列为世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录极度濒危(CR)的欧洲鳗,以及被列为濒危(EN)的日本鳗和美洲鳗。
由于安圭拉鳗的人工繁育尚未实现商业化,目前消费的鳗鱼均来自野生,主要是水产养殖捕捞和饲养的幼鳗(鳗苗)。鳗鱼养殖在东亚地区(中国大陆、日本、韩国和台湾)最为活跃,香港是国际鳗鱼贸易的重要枢纽。
随着欧洲鳗鱼于2007年被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES),该公约于2009年生效,以及2010年代初日本鳗鱼捕捞量下降,对其他品种活鳗鱼苗的需求增加。在东南亚暂时成为主要供应来源后,需求日益集中在美洲鳗上。与此同时,欧洲鳗鱼,尤其是玻璃鳗的非法贸易依然大规模存在。这些非法贸易的玻璃鳗被怀疑被洗白到欧洲以外的水产养殖场,并可能以其他品种的名义重新进入全球市场。
某些鳗鱼品种之间,即使是完整样本,形态学上的区别也有限,这使得基因分析不可或缺,尤其是在加工产品中。此外,缺乏针对特定品种的贸易代码,导致贸易模式和消费趋势难以捉摸。作为世界最大的鳗鱼消费国和进口国,日本在鳗鱼种群的可持续性发展中发挥着至关重要的作用。然而,目前对日本市场上鳗鱼品种组成的详细研究仍然十分缺乏。
2. 研究内容
2024年1月至2月和7月,共从日本多个城市(东京、大阪、福冈、冈山、鹿儿岛、仙台、函馆)的零售商处购买了134种鳗鱼产品(蒲烧)。本研究的所有样品均从超市和百货商店等零售商处收集,因为根据日本水产厅委托撰写的最终报告,按销售额计算,日本消费的鳗鱼有88%是通过零售商销售的。
提取总DNA进行DNA条形码编码,PCR扩增,并对细胞色素b基因进行测序以鉴定物种。将结果与日本和中国的鳗鱼养殖投入数据、日本活鳗和加工鳗鱼进口统计数据以及CITES欧洲鳗鱼贸易数据进行比较。
Of the total 133 samples where species identification was successfully performed, the Japanese eel was the most frequently identified species, accounting for 61.7% of eel products with 82 samples, followed by American eels (36.8%, 49 samples) and European eels (1.5%, two samples). All domestically produced eel products were identified as Japanese eels. For the imported products, all of which were from China, American eel was the most frequently identified species.
According to the data released along with the 16th meeting of the Informal Consultation in 2023, Japanese eels accounted for almost 100% of glass eel input for farming in Japan in recent years. The same data suggested Japanese eels and American eels accounted for more than 90% of glass eel input for farming in China from the 2018-2019 fishing season to the 2022-2023 fishing season. The species composition of eel products corresponded to live eel fry input data for farming in Japan and China.
Japan was once considered one of the largest markets for European eel consumption, but the current study suggests that consumption is now minimal. This study indicated a clear shift in the secondary dominant species, transitioning from European eels to American eels, with only two samples of European eels detected. The recent species identification of eel samples in Europe, North America and Singapore, suggest that the growing dominance of American eels in the global eel consumption market in recent years — a trend that has now also been confirmed in Japan through this study. The recent sharp increase in harvesting and trade of glass eels has raised concerns about IUU fishing and illegal trade in American eel range states[1].
CITES trade data and Customs data indicated that European eels were estimated to account for 72.1% of the total prepared eel imports from China around in 2014. The proportion of European eels seem to have substantially declined over the years to as low as 3.9% in 2022. The low frequency of the species in the study (1.5%) aligned to the expected frequency of European eels based on Japan Customs' import data and CITES trade data. Although this is based on a snapshot survey, it is unlikely that European eels have been bypassing the CITES regulation and illegally entering the Japanese market in large quantities.
Previous research has highlighted the large scale of illegal trade in European eels. However, the consumption scale and patterns of European eels grown from smuggled glass eels remain relatively unclear, creating a gap in the understanding of the full scope of this issue. As with the necessity to monitor the species of eels sold in the Japanese market, further research on eel consumption would be needed in other lesser-known countries and regions, including China and South Korea.
[1]为应对非法活动激增,加拿大未颁发2024年鳗苗捕捞许可证(https://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2024/2024-06-29/html/reg6-eng.html)。此外,联合国安理会简报对海地鳗鱼贩运与毒品贩运和洗钱之间的联系表示担忧(https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/speeches/2025/220125-un-security-council-briefing-haiti.html)。
3. 研究成果及未来方向
这项研究表明,目前日本消费的鳗鱼主要为日本鳗和美洲鳗,欧洲鳗鲜有出现。美洲鳗在全球市场上的流行度日益提升,而美洲鳗一直以来都是全球鳗鱼需求的主要驱动力,如今在日本也同样如此。目前,日本仍需持续进行检查,以防止使用从欧盟非法走私的玻璃鳗养殖的欧洲鳗进口。作为全球最大的鳗鱼产品进口国和消费国,日本有能力为日本鳗以外的鳗科鱼类的可持续利用做出贡献。