唑吡坦对儿童后颅窝综合征的疗效分析:一项单中心10年回顾性队列研究

【字体: 时间:2025年09月17日 来源:Neuro-Oncology Advances 4.1

编辑推荐:

  本刊推荐:为解决儿童后颅窝肿瘤术后严重并发症——后颅窝综合征(PFS)的临床管理难题,研究人员开展了关于PFS发病率、风险因素及唑吡坦治疗效果的回顾性队列研究。研究发现PFS总体发生率达37.5%,男性、第四脑室肿瘤和髓母细胞瘤患者风险显著增高。关键突破在于证实唑吡坦联合言语康复治疗可显著改善言语功能(P<0.001),为PFS的药物治疗提供了高级别循证依据。

  

在儿童神经肿瘤领域,后颅窝肿瘤始终占据着特殊而重要的地位。这些生长在小脑、第四脑室等关键脑区的肿瘤,约占所有儿童中枢神经系统(CNS)肿瘤的60%。虽然外科手术是根治这些肿瘤的主要手段,但术后一种被称为后颅窝综合征(Posterior Fossa Syndrome, PFS)或小脑性缄默症(Cerebellar Mutism Syndrome)的并发症,却可能给患儿及其家庭带来毁灭性打击。患儿术后数日内会突然失去语言能力,并可能伴随情绪不稳、吞咽困难、共济失调等一系列神经功能障碍,其恢复过程漫长且往往不完全,导致长期神经认知残疾。尽管医学界已认识到这一严重问题,但关于其确切发病率、危险因素,尤其是有效治疗方法的研究仍十分有限,缺乏高质量的临床证据来指导实践。

正是在这样的临床背景下,由Naureen Mushtaq教授领衔的研究团队,在《Neuro-Oncology Advances》上发表了他们的重要研究成果。该研究旨在通过系统分析单中心十年数据,明确PFS的流行病学特征和危险因素,并重点评估失眠药物唑吡坦(Zolpidem)在改善PFS症状,特别是言语功能方面的潜在价值。

为开展本研究,研究人员采用了回顾性队列研究的设计。他们调阅了2014年至2023年间在卡拉奇阿迦汗大学医院(Aga Khan University Hospital, AKUH)接受后颅窝肿瘤切除术的所有≤18岁患儿的医疗记录。通过严格的纳入排除标准,最终确定了168名患者构成研究队列。数据收集涵盖了临床症状、影像学(MRI/CT)发现、肿瘤病理学类型、手术细节(包括手术入路和切除程度)、术后并发症(特别是PFS相关症状)以及治疗和预后信息。对于确诊PFS的患儿,研究人员进一步分析了其接受的治疗,特别是比较了接受常规支持治疗(言语治疗、物理治疗)与在此基础上加用唑吡坦治疗两组患儿的言语功能恢复情况。在统计分析方面,研究采用SPSS软件,运用卡方检验等方法进行组间比较,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

研究结果揭示了以下重要发现:

患者 demographics: 研究共纳入168例患儿,其中男性116例(69%),中位年龄8岁。头痛(91.1%)和呕吐(87.5%)是最常见的首发症状。

肿瘤特征: 肿瘤位于小脑半球者78例(46.4%),第四脑室76例(45.2%),小脑脚8例(4.8%),脑桥6例(3.6%)。病理类型以髓母细胞瘤(Medulloblastoma, MB)最为常见,占37.5%。

PFS发病率与风险因素: 在所有接受手术的患儿中,有63人(37.5%)术后出现了PFS。统计分析表明,PFS的发生与男性性别(P=0.001)、肿瘤位于第四脑室(P<0.001)以及病理诊断为髓母细胞瘤或室管膜瘤(P<0.001)显著相关。然而,在本研究中,不同的手术入路(如经蚓部入路与经闩部入路)与PFS发生率的关联未达到统计学显著性(P=0.093)。

PFS的临床表现: 所有63名PFS患儿均出现了缄默症。其他常见症状包括易激惹(82.5%)、吞咽困难(74.6%)和共济失调(47.6%),描绘了一幅复杂的术后神经功能缺损图景。

唑吡坦的治疗效果: 这是本研究最引人关注的发现。在63名PFS患儿中,有47人(74.6%)接受了唑吡坦治疗(剂量5-10 mg/日,中位用药时间3个月)。结果显示,接受唑吡坦联合言语和物理治疗的患儿,其言语功能恢复情况显著优于仅接受支持治疗的患儿(P<0.001)。具体而言,唑吡坦组患儿言语恢复的中位时间为3个月,而非唑吡坦组则为6个月。在唑吡坦组中,39例患儿实现部分恢复,7例实现完全恢复,仅1例失访。

讨论与结论:

本研究证实,在巴基斯坦卡拉奇的一家三级医院中,儿童后颅窝肿瘤术后PFS的发生率高达37.5%,与近期一些大型国际研究报道的数据相符。研究再次验证了男性、中线(第四脑室)位置肿瘤以及髓母细胞瘤病理是PFS重要的非修饰性危险因素。

研究的核心贡献在于首次在一个较大规模的病例系列中,为唑吡坦治疗PFS的有效性提供了令人鼓舞的回顾性证据。唑吡坦是一种非苯二氮卓类GABAA受体激动剂,通常用作催眠药。其治疗PFS的机制被认为是一种“ paradoxical effect”( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( paradoxical effect( 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