综述:虚拟仿真与人基模拟对本科护生临床恶化早期识别准备度影响的系统评价

【字体: 时间:2025年09月21日 来源:Nursing for Women's Health CS2.0

编辑推荐:

  本综述系统评价了虚拟仿真(VS)与人基模拟(MBS)在护理教育中的应用效果,重点关注临床恶化早期识别与管理。结果表明,两种模式各有优势:MBS在 realism(真实感)和技能保持方面表现突出,而VS在知识获取、可扩展性和 confidence(自信心)提升方面更具潜力。推荐采用混合模拟(hybrid simulation)模式,以优化护理学生应对临床恶化(clinical deterioration)的综合能力培养。

  

引言

模拟学习已成为医疗保健临床教育的基石,为医疗专业人员提供了宝贵的经验学习机会,增强了培训的有效性。在过去的五十年中,人基模拟(Mannequin-Based Simulation, MBS)已广泛应用于护理教育中以发展知识和技能。近年来,COVID-19大流行为通过将虚拟仿真(Virtual Simulation, VS)纳入护理课程来增强远程学习创造了机会。这导致了模拟学习(Simulation-Based Learning, SBL)的激增以及护理教育中技术整合的增加。采用技术进行远程学习推动了虚拟仿真和混合学习方法的发展和增强。可以理解的是,护理教育已迅速将这些变化立即纳入课程,以更好地准备护理学生管理复杂疾病和关键的临床恶化情况。

医疗条件复杂性的增加要求护士有效管理关键的临床紧急情况。培养识别和应对临床恶化的能力是本科护理教育的关键学习成果。然而,临床实习通常不能保证接触到急性恶化事件,这使得模拟成为一个关键替代品,同时在安全有效的学习环境中学习。模拟使护理学生能够练习基本的临床推理技能、早期预警识别、患者全面评估、护理升级和交接沟通,所有这些都是在一个受控环境中进行的。尽管其重要性,本科护理学生经常报告在管理高风险临床恶化场景时信心和能力不足。

证据表明,MBS和VS都显著提高了管理恶化的准备度。尽管MBS和VS在护理课程中的整合日益增加,但缺乏系统评价比较它们对本科护理学生识别和管理临床恶化能力的影响。在本评价中,使用了虚拟仿真这一术语,其也包括文献中的虚拟现实(Virtual Reality, VR)干预措施。本评价旨在综合关于MBS和VS的当前证据,以评估它们的相对有效性,并为未来专注于临床恶化管理的基于模拟的护理教育发展提供见解。

背景

临床恶化与早期识别

全球医疗保健机构面临着越来越高的患者敏锐度水平,这些患者在服务中出现,并且越来越多的患者有在医院期间经历临床恶化的风险。澳大利亚医疗安全与质量委员会(ACSQHC)将临床恶化定义为表明患者健康状况恶化的急性生理、心理或认知变化,可能发生在数小时或数天内。生理变化,如波动的生命体征和其他并发症,通常是恶化的早期指标。因此,早期检测是及时患者护理的关键。为了应对这一挑战,医疗保健系统实施了各种策略、协议和框架,例如早期预警评分(Early Warning Scoring, EWS)系统,这些系统支持改善临床恶化的早期识别和护理升级。医疗保健系统非常重视支持护理专业人员立即接近患者群体以识别和应对临床恶化。尽管实施了各种策略,但英国重症监护国家审计与研究中心(ICNARC)报告称,未报告的生理异常和缺乏升级导致ICU床位崩溃每年增加4%。

证据表明,合格的注册护士经常准备不足,无法识别和管理临床恶化,这凸显了护理教育中的一个差距。不可否认,缺乏识别临床恶化早期迹象的能力可能导致延迟和未能抢救恶化患者,从而对住院患者造成不良健康后果。为了确保本科护理学生具备有效管理急性临床环境的知识和技能,护理学校必须优先准备他们有效管理急性临床恶化的知识、技能和信心。

模拟学习模式(人基和虚拟)

定义

人基模拟(MBS)是指“使用人体模型代表患者,使用心肺音、可触及脉搏、语音交互、运动(例如,癫痫发作、眨眼)、出血和其他可能由使用计算机和软件的模拟器控制的人类能力”。这一定义指的是医疗模拟词典中的人基模拟;各种部分任务训练器模式也可能被视为人基模拟。本评价包括通过患者模拟器、部分任务训练器和角色扮演场景提供的MBS。

虚拟现实仿真(Virtual Reality Simulation, VRS)被定义为“使用各种沉浸式、高度视觉化、3D特性来复制现实生活情况和医疗保健程序;虚拟现实仿真与计算机基模拟的区别在于它通常包含物理或其他接口,如计算机键盘、鼠标、语音和语音识别、运动传感器或触觉设备”。

护理教育中模拟的演变

护理中的早期模拟方法(1960年代至1990年代)专注于任务训练器,以教授基本技能,如复苏安妮和生命体征评估。2000年代引入高保真模拟使向沉浸式临床场景的转变成为可能,使护理学生能够在安全的环境中整合精神运动、认知和情感技能。国际护理临床模拟与学习协会(INACSL)最佳实践标准和医疗模拟协会(SSH)标准的建立提供了指导模拟设计和确保教育严谨性的框架。国家护理委员会(NCSBN)2010年的一项里程碑研究表明,高达50%的传统临床时间可以有效地被高保真模拟取代,而不会影响临床时间。

模拟的教学价值

模拟被认为是一种增强护理学生临床推理、决策和批判性思维的教学策略。它使学生能够在安全的环境中参与不可预测的临床场景,促进经验和反思学习。准备护理学生决策和应用临床推理技能的标准模拟方法通常包括高保真模拟器、计算机基或屏幕基模拟、标准化患者和角色扮演场景。研究表明,模拟基培训增强了护理学生的知识、表现、批判性思维以及认知和情感能力,在一个安全的环境中,允许他们从错误中学习而没有现实世界的后果。

虚拟仿真的兴起

虚拟仿真因提供交互式、会话式化身基体验的3D环境而受到关注,学习者参与现实体验。证据支持VS促进重复练习、临床决策和自定进度学习,这使其特别适用于管理复杂场景。尽管虚拟仿真在医疗保健教育中的使用日益增加,但关于完全理解这种 evolving(不断发展的)和 potentially valuable(潜在有价值的)学习工具仍存在不确定性。需要持续的研究来了解如何最好地利用VS和VR进行临床推理和恶化管理。

当前文献中的空白

关于SBL的现有文献主要关注其在注册护士和医疗保健专业人员中的有效性,而对本科护理学生的重视有限,特别是在早期识别恶化的背景下。然而,护理学生必须在其本科护理教育期间培养识别和应对临床恶化生理迹象的能力。

Wei等人(2024)最近的一项系统评价从各种模拟模式(如高保真模拟、角色扮演和标准化患者)中获得了结果,并发现SBL在增强决策、知识、技能和临床决策方面有效。然而,该评价未探索其他关键结果,如临床信心、团队合作或情感韧性,限制了发现的全面性。类似地,Jans等人(2023)进行了一项关于VR模拟对本科护理学生批判性思维、临床推理和判断影响的综合评价,强调了对认知技能的积极影响。然而,其范围仅限于临床推理,并未解决更广泛的能力。尽管Wei等人(2024)和Jans等人(2023)都证明了SBL的积极效果,但他们的评价主要关注毕业护士和特定认知领域,降低了它们对本科护理教育的适用性。此外,Gillan等人(2022)和Liu等人(2023)的研究在评估模拟结果对本科护理学生的影响方面缺乏 empirical depth(实证深度)。

为了弥补这些空白,本评价旨在系统综合和比较MBS和VS在准备本科护理学生识别和管理临床恶化方面的有效性。这一比较将提供每种模式的教学价值的见解,并为未来的课程发展提供信息。

研究目标

本评价探索并收集关于VS如何影响本科护理学生在管理临床恶化方面的信心水平、知识、技能和沟通的证据,与MBS相比。本评价有三个研究问题:

I. 与MBS相比,VS在识别本科护理学生早期临床恶化方面的效果如何?

II. 干预组在识别、应对和报告临床恶化方面是否显示出比仅暴露于MBS的对照组更高的信心水平?

III. 在早期识别临床恶化的背景下,VS和MBS对本科护理学生的沟通水平和知识获取的比较效果是什么?

方法

检索策略与筛选

本系统评价遵循系统评价和Meta分析首选报告项目(PRISMA)框架中概述的指南。尽管协议未在PROSPERO中注册,但方法是预先指定的并在整个评价过程中一致应用。

初步检索是通过MEDLINE(Ovid)数据库进行的,符合预定义的纳入和排除标准。最终检索由两名独立评审员于2023年9月进行。检索策略结合了受控词汇(MeSH术语)和关键词,并结合了布尔运算符。检索术语包括组合,如(“nursing students” [MeSH] OR “undergraduate nursing” OR “student nurse”) AND (“clinical deterioration” OR “patient deterioration” [MeSH] AND (‘simulation” [MeSH] OR “virtual simulation” OR “mannequin-based simulation”),随机对照试验,准实验*。冗余术语被移除以简化策略。分析了摘要和标题以精炼检索术语。布尔运算符跨数据库应用以确保全面覆盖,包括:CINAHL、MEDLINE(Ovid)、EBSCO、EMCARE(Ovid)、EMBASE(Elsevier)、Web of Series(Clarivate)、ProQuest和Google Scholar。此外,还审查了相关文章的参考文献列表,以识别数据库检索中缺失的潜在高质量研究。

所有引用均使用EndNote v.20管理,并移除重复项。相关文章随后上传至Covidence(Veritas Health Innovation, n.d.)进行进一步筛选。标题和摘要由两名评审员使用纳入和排除标准独立审查。如果研究比较了VS与MBS在本科护理学生管理临床恶化准备度方面的情况,则被纳入。MBS被定义为与医疗模拟词典一致的高保真模拟。评审员之间的分歧在评审会议期间通过共识解决。

纳入标准包括随机对照试验或具有干预和比较的实验研究、队列或病例对照研究。实验研究专注于识别和管理临床恶化。参与者仅包括本科护理学生或护理学士学生。研究干预或比较必须使用虚拟仿真和/或虚拟现实。研究报告以英文发表,数据库从2013年到2023年。研究结果测量包括与识别临床恶化相关的知识和表现沟通。排除标准包括非RCT、无干预或比较的实验研究、队列和病例对照研究。参与者不包括护理学生,如联合健康学生、医学生、注册护士或研究生专业培训。研究干预未使用虚拟仿真和/或虚拟现实仿真、人基模拟、面对面、高保真模拟或计算机/桌面辅助学习。非英文研究。非同行评审的研究,如论文和学位论文。

PRISMA 2020流程图中详细解释了这一选择过程。最初,识别了2372篇文章。移除1764篇重复和无关记录后,评估了86篇文章的 eligibility(资格)。在仔细考虑纳入和排除标准后,确定了14篇潜在文章进行质量评估。所有选定的全文研究均被检索并导入批判性评估工具进行质量评估。剩余的全文研究使用验证工具进行批判性评估。排除的研究被记录并附有理由,排除的理由在质量评估记录中报告。

批判性评估

所选研究的质量使用Joann Briggs Institute(JBI)批判性评估工具(Joanna Briggs Institution, 2020)进行评估,该工具与Covidence平台集成以完成评估过程。使用了两个JBI清单用于评价中识别的研究设计:准实验研究和随机对照试验(RCTs)。两名独立评审员使用嵌入Covidence的JBI工具进行评估。每项研究都根据相关清单进行评估,并在平台内生成评估分数。任何分歧均通过Microsoft Teams讨论,并通过协作讨论达成共识。这一 rigorous(严格的)过程确保只有高质量的研究被纳入最终综合。

数据提取

数据提取由两名独立评审员使用标准化数据提取表进行,该表包括以下元素:a) 作者/年份;b) 模拟类型;c) 模拟场景;d) 研究设计;e) 人群;f) 样本量;g) 实验;h) 控制干预;i) 结果变量;和 j) 结果。包括了RCT、混合方法前后测试和准实验设计的组合。对于混合方法研究,仅提取、综合和描述了与本科护理学生识别和管理临床恶化相关的定量发现。

偏倚风险评估

纳入研究的偏倚风险通过结合CASP(批判性评估技能计划)和JBI RCT和准实验前后清单(嵌入Covidence)进行评估,表格从Covidence生成。解释和生成的结果被称为“高”——高偏倚风险;“低”——低偏倚风险;“不清楚”——信息不足且不清楚报告研究偏倚。具有“低偏倚风险”的研究表明所有评估标准均 adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( adequate( 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